Even when they are truthful, enterprises' balance sheets do not reveal some important aspects of interest to every stakeholder. Ask yourself whether the following factors are important when evaluating the future profits of an enterprise:
- Corporate reputation
- Brand awareness and brand loyalty
- Customer intimacy (for example, satisfaction or loyalty
- Supplier intimacy
- Organizational or process excellence
- Quality of "human capital"
None of these factors, however, will appear — at least in quantitative terms — in financial reports. Financial reports tell us mostly about the past. However, there are additional factors to help us forecast a company's financial performance. These are the "intangible assets," often referred to as "intellectual assets" or "knowledge assets."
In the western world's post-industrial economy, it has become difficult to evaluate companies without taking intangible assets into account. And this does not apply solely to "knowledge intensive" enterprises. For, as Thomas Stewart, senior editor at Fortune magazine, put it, "a ton of corn embeds 75 percent of knowledge; a barrel of oil about 50 percent." Even for typical brick-and-mortar businesses, acquiring and exchanging information about products has become at least as important as the products themselves. These are knowledge-based activities, distinct from the physical manipulation of raw materials to add value.