User authentication provides real-time corroboration of an identity claim by a person accessing an organization’s assets. It is foundational to network, application and data security, because it reduces fraud, mitigates account takeover (ATO) and other identity risks, and addresses regulatory requirements. Tools in this market enable or provide one or more credential-based or signal-based authentication methods that can augment or replace legacy passwords for employees, contingent workers, partners, suppliers, business or retail customers, or citizens in one or more use cases.