How do you approach designing roles that balance immediate operational needs with future capability requirements? What factors do you consider when defining scope and responsibilities?

Good question. For a clear cut responsibilities, I'd acquire both roles - immediate needs and future capability. 

For immediate operational needs role, it is clear as you can see what needs to be done. 

For future capability role, should be some of the operational needs for the alignment and including future capabilities building, whatever those are, this role should figure it out the pros and cons of each new directions it may present to the organization and business landscape.

Both roles can be temporary swap from time to time, to enhance the mutual understanding of the process, achieving the same goals and boost the collaboration and growth for both.

Hi,
This is an excellent question I always ask myself when recruiting and I will be interested in others' perspectives.
Recruitment:
The way I go about it depends on my level of clarity regarding the future capability requirements. 
If I am clear about it, I will look for profiles that match both current and future requirements and I will be transparent with them about the short term need to be quite operational before things will get more advance, and ask them to be architect of the To Be.
When I am not clear about the future state and the associated capability requirements, I will select profiles with high level of adaptability. This is key to navigate through uncertainty.
Job design:
In my opinion, job description, scope and responsibilities should be dynamic and evolve over time. This can be explicitly documented in Job Desc or implicitly depending on the culture of the company.

I did an exercise last year using the competency models from Gartner to write new, expanded job descriptions/roles.  I took my organization's current job descriptions then looked at what competencies I need for my group (Customer Service, Logistics, & Transportation).  I compared expectations for the current roles and what I would require for progressing/promoting up to next level.  At that time, Gartner had a good library of tools for Procurement, Supply Planning, Demand Planning, & Portfolio Planning.  In December 2024, Gartner published an article for Logistics.