What advice do you have for someone returning to work (same role) after an extended leave of absence? i.e. parental or personal leave. What are some ways I can get back up to speed quicker?

All the advice given before is valid and I confirm it, having had two maternity leaves. 
What I found additionally very effective and which helped me a lot to get to the point and understand the issues was the exchanges during coffee breaks, one-on-one meetings with people, especially those who naturally share voluntarily what has happened since my absence, the changes, the news, and the new directions… it allowed me to plan and see clearly through the feedback from others. 
Whenever I had questions, I looked for the right people to answer and give me all the context…

Block your time on calendar for self check list such as reading all emails, catching up with peers or manager to check what has changed since you were there in the team last time. Check if there are any priority or urgent items that required your immediate attention. That’s absolutely fine that it takes two days to set things to navigate yourself lime before.

I agree with Oluwatayo. I think it is also important to figure out 'who". Formal reporting structures may have changed or there could have been subtle shifts in responsibilities. Being able to "read the room" can take returning people a bit to relearn.

I would say take your time and ease into things. Don't try to change or correct immediately; take a step back to understand what has changed in your absence - the “why’s,” “what’s” and “how’s”

Start a day before, and at least go through your email. Meet your manager to catch up on any critical topics. If you delegated your tasks or projects, meet with them to see progress (if any). I suggest making a list, writing it down, formulating your thoughts, and then tackling each with priority and focus. Then, jump right into it.